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Read the following sentences:
| kai\ tau~ta/ e)sti ta\ pro/bata au)tou~. |
| ti/na e)sti\ ta\ dw~ra; |
| ta\ pro/bata kaqeu/dei e)n a)groi~j. |
The subjects, tau~ta, dw~ra, and pro/bata, are nominative neuter plural.
Based on these sentences, what might you say about neuter plural subjects in Greek?
Read the following sentences:
| The goddess herself gave him the gift. |
| The philosophers teach them. |
Be sure that you understand each of the underlined words in English.
"Herself" is an intensive pronoun in this context. "Him" and "them" are third person personal pronouns.
"Herself" in the following sentence is reflexive:
| She saw herself in the mirror. |
Be sure that you understand the difference between "intensive" and "reflexive" pronouns in English. [Why in English CAN they look the same? In Greek why should they be different forms?]
Now read the following sentences, from Thrasymachus, noting the underlined words:
| au)th\ me\n e)gw\ ou)x o(rw~ au)to\n, i!swj d' h( 'Afrodi/th o(ra~|. |
| kai\ tau~ta e)sti\ to\ pro/bata au)tou~. |
This pronoun (au)to/j, au)th/, au)to/) can be used in three ways:
| 1. As the INTENSIVE PRONOUN and adjective when not between an article and its noun (in the so called "predicate position") au)th\ e)gw/ = I myself. |
| 2. As an ADJECTIVE meaning "the same" when placed between the article and its noun (in the so-called "attributive position"). o(rw~ to\n au)ton\ qeo\n = I see the same god. |
| 3. As a THIRD PERSON PRONOUN when in accusative, genitive, or dative case (one of the "oblique cases"), and not in the attributive position. o(rw~ au)to/n = I see him. |
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THE FORMS OF au)to/j, au)th/, au)to/. YOU MUST NOTICE THE BREATHING AND ACCENT MARKS TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM THE FORMS OF ou{toj, au(/th, tou~to which means "this." [What are some English derivitives of au)to/j, au)th/, au)to/ ?]
| th~| au)th~| h(me/ra|, Ku~roj au)to\j o(ra~| au)touj. |
| On the same day, Cyrus himself sees them. |
See Thrasymachus pp. 20 and 200 for the forms of this word. (Note the nominative and accusative neuter singular ending -o. This pattern will become familiar to you).
On the same pages, you will find the two demonstrative pronouns / adjectives, ou{toj, au(/th, tou~to ("this") and e)kei~noj, -h, -o ("that").
[What declensions are these demonstrative adjectives? Are there any slight differences between these and other similar adjectives?]
To help identify case, number and gender correctly, notice when tout- is the stem and when taut- is the stem. Formulate a rule.
When a form of ou{toj or e)kei~noj is used as a demonstrative adjective ("this" and "that"), it is not placed between the article and its noun.
| ti/j e)stin ou{toj o( a)nh/r; Who is this man? |
| e)kei~nai ai( gunai/kej ei)sin a)gaqai/. Those women are good. |
Note the difference among the following:
| ti/ e)stin a)nh/r; What is a man? |
| ti/j e)stin o( a)nh/r; Who is the man? |
| ti/j e)stin ou{toj o( a)nh/r; Who is this man? |
| ti/j e)stin e)kei~noj o( a)nh/r; Who is that man? |
V, A. Identify each form and change it to the opposite number.
| 1. tou~to | 6. tau/thj |
| 2. au(/th | 7. au)th/ |
| 3. e)kei/nhn | 8. au)tai/ |
| 4. tau~ta | 9. tou/tw| |
| 5. e)kei~no | 10. au)tai~j |
V, B. Translate the following sentences and identify completely the underlined words.
| 1. ti/j e)sti au(/th h( gunh/; |
| 2. h( au)th\ gunh\ dida/sketai ta\ paidi/a. |
| 3. au(/th h( gunh\ dida/sketai ta\ paidi/a. |
| 4. e)kei~nai ai( qeai\ filou~ntai tou~j a)nqrw/pouj. |
| 5. tau~ta/ e)sti kala/. |
| 6. o(rw~ to\n au)to\n a!ndra. |
| 7. o(rw~ au)to\n to\n a!ndra. |
| 8. o(rw~ au)to/n. |
| 9. ti/nej ei)si\n ou{toi oi( qeoi/; |
| 10. au)to\j o( a)nh\r ma/xetai au)toi~j. |
V, C. Write sentences of your own (short and simple!):
Before we continue, be absolutely sure that you understand, in English and in Greek, the pronouns we have discussed up to this point. These words are so common that recognizing them correctly is crucial to your understanding of Greek. As you review them, you will be reinforcing your declension endings.
See Thrasymachus pp. 200-203 for paradigms.
INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE:
First and second person, singular and plural:
Third person:
au)to/j, au)th/, au)to/ *
au)to/j, au)th/, au)to/ **
**when in the the predicate position. REVIEW: THIS WORD SERVES THREE FUNCTIONS, DEPENDING ON ITS PLACEMENT:
1. As the INTENSIVE PRONOUN and adjective when not placed between an article and its noun (in the so called "predicate position") au)th\ e)gw/ = I myself. 2. As a THIRD PERSON PRONOUN when in accusative, genitive, or dative case (one of the "oblique cases"), and in the predicate position. o(rw~ au)to/n = I see him. 3. As an ADJECTIVE meaning "the same" when placed between the article and its noun (in the so-called "attributive position"). o(rw~ to\n au)ton\ qeo\n = I see the same god.
| e)mauto/n, -h/n = myself |
| seauto/n, -h/n = yourself |
| e(auto/n, -h/n = himself, herself |
| ou{toj, au(/th, tou~to = this |
| e)kei~noj, -h, -on = that |
| o(/de, h(/de, to/de = this, that, the following |
You will need to have the pronouns and demonstratives firmly fixed in your mind, both the "concept" and the forms, before we move on to relative pronouns.
V, D. Translate each of the following:
1. h( gunh/ e)sti a)gaqh/. 2. h(/de gunh/ e)sti a)gaqh/. 3. au(/th h( gunh/ e0sti a)gaqh/. 4. e)kei/nh h( gunh/ e)sti a)gaqh/. 5. au)th\ h( gunh/ e)sti a)gaqh/. 6. h( au)th\ gunh/ e)sti a)gaqh/. 7. su ei} a)gaqh/. 8. e)gw/ ei)mi a)gaqh/. 9. h( gunh\ o(ra|~ au)to/n. 10. h( au)th\ gunh\ o(ra~tai e(auth/n. 11. ti/j e)sti au(/th h( gunh/; 12. ti/j gunh/ o(ra~| au)tou/j. V, E. Translate the following sentences.
1. e)kei~noj ku/wn e)sti\ deino/j.
2. ou{toj o( ku/wn bau~ le/gei.
3. o( deino\j ku/wn e)kei~na pro/bata a)poktei/netai.
4. o( Zeu\j au)to\n komi/zei.
5. o( au)to\j qeo\j sofw~j th~j gh~j a)na/ssei.
6. au(/th h( xw/ra e)sti\ kalli/sth.
7. tou~to de/ndron mh~la kala\ e)/xei.
8. tou/touj tou~j qeou~j timw~ dio/ti au)tou\j fobou~mai.
9. oi( au)toi\ qeoi\ ku/na e)mo\n a)poktei/nousi.
10. oi( deinoi\ qeoi\ kefalh\n au)tw~| a)poko/ptontai.
11. o( a)nh\r a)poktei/nei au)to/n.
12. h( gunh\ ble/pei au)th/n.
13. ble/pe tou/touj tou\j potamou/j.
14. h( Aqh/nh e)qe/lei tau~ta mh~la.
INFORMATION ON A CHARACTER IN CHAPTER V
o( Pa/rij Forward to Chapter VI Back to Contents
